Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Anguilla
Antigua & Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Ter
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Canary Islands
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Channel Islands
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos Island
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote D Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Ter
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hawaii
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea North
Korea South
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Midway Islands
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nambia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherland Antilles
Netherlands (Holland, Europe)
Nevis
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau Island
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Island
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Republic of Montenegro
Reunion
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saipan
Samoa
Samoa American
San Marino
Sao Tome & Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St Barthelemy
St Eustatius
St Helena
St Kitts-Nevis
St Lucia
St Maarten
St Pierre & Miquelon
St Vincent & Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tahiti
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks & Caicos Is
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City State
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (Brit)
Virgin Islands (USA)
Wake Island
Wallis & Futana Is
Yemen
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Examples
Example of know-how: being able to use a telescope
Example of know-that: knowing that the earth goes round the sun.
Example of know-how: being able to use thortspace.
The know-how vs. know-that distinction
We need to distinguish "knowing how" (eg. knowing how to use a telescope) from "knowing that" (eg. knowing that the earth goes round the sun).
Know-that is built on know-how. We only get to know-that by having first developed some know-how.
But it is not one-sided - it is a cycle : There is a "hermeneutic circle" of know-how feeding know-that, which in turn allows us to develop more know-how.
#Know-how
Know-how is #Fundamental - know-how is the first kind of knowing we do.
Know-how is #Transparent ie. the things I know how to do substantially don't even register as activities... eg. sitting in my chair right now.
Can only be increased by #experience and #practice
#Habitual
Know-how is the kind of knowing that makes a good #teacher
Advice to a young recorder player: lots of things you can only figure out by doing them, you can't figure them out by thinking about them.
Know-how - Wikipedia
#Know-that
Know-that is #Secondary
Know-that is #Propositional
Can be increased by #reading or attending #lectures
Expert action is "transparent" to the actor
Five Stages of Acquiring Expertise - Novice to Expert
Dreyfus model of skill acquisition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Four stages of competence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Seven Stages of Expertise in Software Engineering
Performance Matters Inc | The Stages of Expertise
ShuHaRi
The Backwards Brain Bicycle - Smarter Every Day 133 - YouTube
Why is the distinction useful?
For any given project I am working on, I can consider whether I am missing know-how or know-that or both
What know-that am I missing that would make the most difference to the project?
It allows us to understand why #philosophical ("epistemological") #skepticism about knowledge is a #wild-goose-chase .
What know-how am I missing that would make the most difference to the project?
The requirement to not merely know but to "know we know" could be a requirement to know-how we know-that in which case we can answer: we know *how* we know that the earth goes round the sun from having done the science.
But also since knowing-that can never itself be foundational (only know-how is foundational, and transparent), saying that "I know *that* I know something" doesn't say anything additional to saying that I know something.
There is a circularity to knowing, but the circle includes the world and ourselves.
As such, knowledge is exactly and necessarily knowledge of the world.
The #Primacy of #Phenomenology over #Logical #Analysis - Hubert Dreyfus
Power of Habit book
According to the PowerOfHabit book, the habit loop is made up out of: (1)Cue [trigger] (2)Routine [behaviour] (3)Reward [payoff]
When habits start to give rise to cravings, they become much more embedded.
The golden rule of changing habits is to keep the same triggers(cues) and rewards, and swap out the routines in between these
To get changed habits to stick, you need "belief" and this is easiest to come by in communities or groups.
KEYSTONE habits
SMALL WINS
The Power of Habit - Charles Duhigg
Teaching
Good teachers embody the skill that is being taught.
Good teachers don't merely "know about" a skill and they don't have a merely theoretical understanding.
But also, a good teacher is somehow aware of the transparency of her own know-how.
So a good teacher is able to build bridges from where her students are (not knowing how) to where she is, even though much of what she knows doesn't in the first instance occur as significant.
The #skill of #teaching , is itself a function of #Know-how
God and Thinking
And although the content of #thinking may be "know-that" kind of knowledge, the actual capacity to think powerfully is easily thought of as know-how.
Plausibly "knowing #God " is a #know-how kind of phenomenon (not a know-that phenomenon)
and consequently, in both these cases, is not something that can be codified in rules.
Religion and Revelation: Embodied Thought - YouTube
Entrepreneurship
Startups
Before you make a thing, become a connoisseur of that kind of thing - Medium
Know-how "about" know-how (not really "about")
In order for the distinction to make significant difference, we need know-how in respect of know-how !
We need to know how to most effortlessly develop our know-how.
This is different than knowing "about" know-how ... this sphere is a kind of know-that in respect of know-how , but for it to be useful we need some know-how about know-how !
Processes / practices for increasing know-how
Types of practice designed to enhance know-how accumulation (rather than know-that accumulation)
Play ... experimentation ...
Role play
Instruction ... following instructions ... menteeing (ie. having a mentor)
Practicing
Following a procedure ... following a methodology ... following a pattern ... following a "how-to" guide ... (eg. a #recipe )
Cycle of know-that and know-how
Converting Know-how into know-that and know-that into know-how
All I then have to do is convert that know-that back into know-how.
For example I can read a "how-to" book written by an expert ... it contains the expert's know-how converted into know-that
Other people's #know-that can be used to guide the development of my own #know-how
Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction - Google Books - #Declarative vs #Procedural knowledge
#Routinization -> #Addiction
Whatever you practice, you build a routinize machine for in your motor-cortex
Once you get one of those machines build, it isn't going anywhere very quickly...
You can build other machines at a higher hierarchical level to suppress the operation of various motor level machines, but the basic motor level machines are going to be there for a long time - maybe all your life.
JBP youtube link